M.A. Thesis:

legal effects of forging the letter of Credits

Abstract: Increasing expansion of overseen business especially after second worled of countries their commercial rules forced business scholars to find a way for adapting rules with these changes there fore there were some barriers against expansion of internaiontal businese including not having eenuogh information of parties commercial reputation of parties commercial reputation, being unable to run legal and juridical decisions which have neen I made in one country in the other . problems and issues that kave been caused by parties rules and laws made anihorities use tools to encourage countries invest . these tools mainly assure internationall commercial safety and parties rights . Document validity is the best device which has been codified in this field. Regarding this document, the introductive bank is committed to pay buyevs valedictory money to vendor at the deadline on the case of offeving documents that are acceptable by the other party. Some rules were codified by international busiaess institutes to run dominant rales on documental validity and solving lawsuits. But there isn’t a same legal works. This thesis attempts to iatroduce and assess legal nature of document validity and it s role in facilitating commercial rules, also makes a study on different kinds of document validity. Forgeries and frauds that might happen in this field, compares related international and finally sugges tionsare offered to make a same decistion.

Keywords: Key words: document validity; for gery; international business;legal effects.