Thesis:

Investigating the legal status of transgender people in Iran and France

This research presents a comprehensive comparative study of the legal status of transgender individuals in the legal systems of Iran and France. Within Iran's legal framework, gender reassignment has been recognized since Imam Khomeini's historic fatwa in 1984 and subsequent legislation. However, transgender individuals face numerous challenges, including significant obstacles in personal status matters (such as marriage restrictions post-transition, inheritance ambiguities), administrative difficulties in identity document amendments, employment barriers in certain professions, and criminal justice issues (including prison placement and gender-appropriate sentencing).In contrast, France's progressive legal system, particularly through its 2016 legislation, has made substantial advancements in transgender rights protection. The French model recognizes gender transition without requiring surgical intervention and provides extensive safeguards against discrimination, employment protections, and access to social and mental health services. The judicial system has streamlined procedures for identity document changes and guarantees full marital and adoption rights. Employing a descriptive-analytical and comparative methodology, this study reveals that while Iran's legal system has religious and legislative foundations for recognizing gender transition, it requires structural reforms to facilitate the transition process, revise inheritance and marriage laws, and strengthen protective mechanisms across various domains. France's successful experiences offer valuable insights for potential improvements in Iran's legal approach to transgender rights. The study concludes with practical recommendations for enhancing the legal and social status of transgender individuals within Iran's legal system.

Keywords: Gender Reassignment, Transgender Rights, Iranian & French Legal System, Personal Status Law